The round-grayish material is a a polypropylene foam that allows the ink through. The desired stamp design is drawn or printed onto a mask material, then the machine (which is basically a very high-powered photoflash) essentially melts the the surface of foam anywhere the mask isn't, so the only part of the design that admits the ink is where it was masked off; basically a form of photolithography.
Weirdly, I was able to find a decent description of the process in, of all things, a mechanical engineering scientific paper about fabricating MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems).
The weird rabbit holes these posts send me down....

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